The input of internal forces
The input of internal forces of 2D members depends on the type of 2D element:
- Shell-slab – membrane forces (nx, ny and nxy), bending moments (mx, my and mxy) and shear forces (vx and vy) can be entered
- Shell- wall – membrane forces (nx, ny and nxy), bending moments (mx, my and mxy) and shear forces (vx and vy) can be entered
- Slab – only bending moments (mx, my and mxy) and shear forces (vx and vy) can be entered
- Wall – only membrane forces (nx, ny and nxy) can be entered
- Deep beam – only membrane forces (nx, ny and nxy) can be entered
| Description | |
| mx(y) | Bending moment in the direction of x (y)-axis. A positive value causes tension at the lower surface of a 2D element. |
| mxy(yx) | Torsional moment about y (x)-axis acting on the edge parallel to the axis x (y). Positive value causes tensional shear stress at the lower surface of a 2D element. Because in each point of the 2D element theorem the equality of horizontal shear stresses is valid, torsional moments mxy = myx are equal in each point of 2D element too. Thus only value of mxy is entered in the program. |
| nx(y) | Normal force in direction of x (y)-axis. Positive value acts in direction of x(y) axis and causes tension in section. |
| nxy(yx) | Normal force acting in the centre plane in direction of y(x)-axis on edge parallel to x(y)-axis. Positive value acts in direction of x(y)-axis. Because in each point of the 2D element theorem the equality of horizontal shear stresses is valid, normal forces nxy = nyx are equal in each point of 2D element too. Thus only value of nxy is entered in the program. |
| vx(y) | Shear force acting perpendicular to centre plane on edge parallel to x(y)-axis. Positive value acts in direction of z-axis. |
\[ \textsf{\textit{\footnotesize{Sign convention of internal forces}}}\]
The following types of combinations have to be defined for checks:
- Ultimate limit state/Accidental – internal force components defined for this type of combinations are used for ULS checks of 2D elements:
- Capacity N-M-M
- Response N-M-M
- Interaction
and the check of detailing provisions
- Characteristic – internal force components defined for this type of combination are used for check of stress limitation (SLS)
- Quasi-permanent – internal force components defined for this type of combination are used for check of crack width (SLS)
| Remark: |
| Internal forces components vx and vy are not required to be entered for combination types Characteristic and Quasi-permanent, because these values are not used in checks. |
Determining the direction of the check
The direction of the check has to be determined for the proper check of the 2D element. The direction of the check can be entered for each combination type separately, using the following two methods:
- User defined direction – the user defines the check direction as an angle relative to the x-axis in plane of the 2D element. This option is set as default for combination type ULS and the predefined value of the angle is 0 degrees. Checks are performed in the following directions:
- Defined direction
- Direction perpendicular to defined direction
- Direction of compression diagonal at the upper surface
- Direction of compression diagonal at the lower surface
- Direction of principal stresses – the check direction is calculated automatically as the direction of principal stresses at the upper and at the lower surface of the 2D element. This option is set as default for combination types Characteristic and Quasi-permanent. Checks are performed in the following directions:
- Direction of principal stresses at the lower surface
- Direction perpendicular to the direction of principal stresses at the lower surface
- Direction of compression diagonal at the lower surface
- Direction of principal stresses at the upper surface
- Direction perpendicular to the direction of principal stresses at the upper surface
- Direction of compression diagonal at the upper surface
\[ \textsf{\textit{\footnotesize{Recalculated internal forces in input direction by theory of Baumann}}}\]
Analysis of check direction for ultimate limit state
Analysis 1
For a 2D element loaded only by bending moments (mx = 20 kNm/m, my = 10 kNm/m, mxy = 5 kNm/m ) with the angle of reinforcement and angle of check direction changed for the ultimate limit state - the results are displayed in the following graph:
The analysis implies:
- If reinforcement bars are perpendicular to each other, check results are similar for different check direction angles, they are not dependent on the defined reinforcement angle and the maximum value of the check is found for angles 0, 45, and 90 degrees. Thus this check can be performed for a predefined direction of a check angle of 0 degrees.
- If reinforcement bars are not perpendicular to each other, the results of the checks differ significantly and the maximum check value is achieved approximately in the direction corresponding with the direction of average reinforcement. Thus it is recommended to change the predefined check direction or to perform checks in more directions in cases when reinforcement bars are not perpendicular to each other.
Analysis 2
For the orthogonal reinforcement, the values of bending moments and the angle have been changed for the ULS code-check. Results are represented in the graph:
The analysis implies that even for different values of bending moments the maximum value of the ultimate limit state check is found for check directions 0, 45, and 90 degrees. Thus the check can be performed for a predefined check angle of 0 degrees. A similar conclusion is valid for 2D elements loaded by normal force only or loaded by normal force combined with bending moments.
Recalculation of internal forces to directions of check
The defined internal forces are recalculated to the check directions using the Baumann transformation formula, described in Baumann, Th. : "Zur Frage der Netzbewehrung von Flächentragwerken". In : Der Bauingenieur 47 (1972), Berlin 1975. The calculation procedure is as follows:
- Calculation of normal forces at both surfaces of the 2D element
- Calculation of principal forces at both surfaces of the 2D element
- Calculation of recalculated forces for each surface to the defined direction of check
- Calculation of recalculated forces for each surface to the center
- Recalculation of shear forces to the defined direction of check
Calculation of normal forces at both surfaces of the 2D element
Defined internal forces are recalculated to both surfaces using the following formulas:
\[{{n}_{x,low\left( upp \right)}}=\frac{{{n}_{x}}}{2}+\left( - \right)\frac{{{m}_{x}}}{z}\]
\[{{n}_{y,low\left( upp \right)}}=\frac{{{n}_{y}}}{2}+\left( - \right)\frac{{{m}_{y}}}{z}\]
\[~~~~~{{n}_{xy,low\left( upp \right)}}=\frac{{{n}_{xy}}}{2}+\left( - \right)\frac{{{m}_{xy}}}{z}\]
The lever arm of internal forces (z) has to be determined for the recalculation of internal forces. The lever arm of internal forces is determined from the method of limit strain at loading by the principal bending moment in directions of the principal moments m1 at both surfaces. If the principal moments are equal to zero or if the equilibrium is not found in the direction of principal moments, the lever arm of internal forces is determined according to the formula:
\[z=x\cdot d\]
| Description | |
| x | The coefficient for calculation of the internal forces arm is defined in the National code setup. |
| d | The effective height of the cross-section calculated separately for the upper and the lower surfaces of the 2D element. For the lower surface, it is a distance from the centroid of reinforcement bars at the lower surface to the upper edge of the cross-section. For the upper surface, it is a distance from the centroid of reinforcement bars at the upper surface to the lower edge of the cross-section. |
| Remark: |
| The arm of internal forces can be verified in the Response N-M-M check. Only the bending moments have to be entered and the check direction has to correspond with the direction of the principal moment. |
In the following diagram, a verification of the internal forces lever arm is displayed for bending moments mx = 20 kNm/m, my = 10 kNm/m, mxy = 5 kNm/m. The direction of principal moments has been calculated as αm1 = 22.5 degrees and the response of cross-section was calculated to determine the internal forces lever arm.
| Remark: |
| Internal force lever arms for recalculation of internal forces in the direction of the check and internal force lever arms for checks can be different, because the internal force lever arm for recalculation is determined on a cross-section loaded by principal moments in the direction of principal moments, and the internal force lever arm for the check is determined on a cross-section loaded by bending moments and normal forces in the direction of the check. Values of internal force lever arms for all combination types are displayed in the table Recalculated forces in the navigator Internal forces in section. |
Calculation of internal forces at both surfaces
Principal forces at both surfaces of the 2D element are calculated using the formula:
\[{{n}_{1,bot\left( top \right)}}=\frac{{{n}_{x,low\left( upp \right)+}}{{n}_{y,low\left( upp \right)}}}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{{{\left( {{n}_{x,low\left( upp \right)-}}{{n}_{y,low\left( upp \right)}} \right)}^{2}}+4\cdot {{n}_{xy,low\left( upp \right)}}}\]
\[{{n}_{2,bot\left( top \right)}}=\frac{{{n}_{x,low\left( upp \right)+}}{{n}_{y,low\left( upp \right)}}}{2}-\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{{{\left( {{n}_{x,low\left( upp \right)-}}{{n}_{y,low\left( upp \right)}} \right)}^{2}}+4\cdot {{n}_{xy,low\left( upp \right)}}}\]
And the direction of principal forces is calculated using the formula:
\[{{\alpha }_{n1,low\left( upp \right)}}=0,5\cdot {{\tan }^{-1}}\left( \frac{2\cdot {{n}_{xy,low\left( upp \right)}}}{{{n}_{x,low\left( upp \right)}}-{{n}_{y,low\left( upp \right)}}} \right)\]
| Remark: |
| Principal forces and the direction of principal forces for both surfaces of the 2D element are displayed for all combination types in the table Recalculated forces in the navigator Internal forces in section. |
Calculation of recalculated internal forces at surfaces to the defined check direction
Recalculation of principal forces to the check directions is performed separately for each surface using the Baumann transformation formula:
\[{{n}_{surface,i,low\left( upp \right)}}=\frac{{{n}_{1,low\left( upp \right)}}\cdot \sin \left( {{\alpha }_{j,low\left( upp \right)}} \right)\cdot \sin \left( {{\alpha }_{k,low\left( upp \right)}} \right)+{{n}_{2,low\left( upp \right)}}\cdot \cos \left( {{\alpha }_{j,low\left( upp \right)}} \right)\cdot \cos \left( {{\alpha }_{k,low\left( upp \right)}} \right)}{\sin \left( {{\alpha }_{j,low\left( upp \right)}}-{{\alpha }_{i,low\left( upp \right)}} \right)\cdot \sin \left( {{\alpha }_{k,low\left( upp \right)}}-{{\alpha }_{i,low\left( upp \right)}} \right)}\]
| Description | |
| i, j, k, i | Index of check direction (internal forces recalculation direction) i, j, k, i = 1, 2, 3, 1 . E. G. For lower surface and calculation of force in j-direction (angle α2) the formula is: \[{{n}_{surface,2,low}}=\frac{{{n}_{1,low}}\cdot \sin {{\alpha }_{3,low}}\cdot \sin {{\alpha }_{1,low}}+{{n}_{2,low}}\cdot \cos {{\alpha }_{3,low}}\cdot \cos {{\alpha }_{1,low}}}{\sin \left( {{\alpha }_{3,low}}-{{\alpha }_{2,low}} \right)\cdot \sin \left( {{\alpha }_{1,low}}-{{\alpha }_{2,low}} \right)}\] |
| \[{{\alpha }_{i,j,k,low\left( upp \right)}}\] | The angle between the defined check direction or the direction of compressive strut and the direction of principal forces at the lower or upper surface of the 2D element. Defined check direction α1, low(upp) = α1 – α low(upp) Dir. perpendicular to the defined direction α2, low(upp) = α2 – α low(upp) The direction of check for compressive strut α3, low(upp) = α3 – α low(upp) |
| α1 | Defined check direction for the particular combination |
| α2 | The direction perpendicular to the defined direction, α2 = α1 + 90 degrees |
| α3 | Check the direction in the direction of the compressive strut in the plane of the 2D element. This direction is optimized to minimize the force in this direction. |
| Remark: |
If the check direction is identical to the Principal stresses direction, the forces in the compressive strut are zero, thus this direction is neglected in the check The direction of the compressive strut for all states of stress except the hyperbolic state of stress (n1,low(upp) > 0 and n1,low(upp) < 0) can be calculated according to the formula: α3 = 0,5(α1 + α2) Recalculated internal forces for both surfaces of 2D element and all check directions including the direction of the compressive strut are displayed in the table Recalculated forces |
Transformation of recalculated internal forces to the centroid of the cross-section
For the check of the 2D element, the surface forces in a particular direction have to be recalculated to the centroid of the cross-section. The result is normal force nd,i and bending moment md,I acting in the centroid of the 2D element cross-section.
md,i = nlower,i·zs,low + nupper,i·zs,upp
nd,i = nlower,i + nupper,i
| Description | |
| nlower,i | Recalculated surface forces at lower surface in the ith check direction, when nlower,i = nsurface,low,i. |
| nupper,i | Recalculated internal forces at upper surface in the ith check direction, when nupper,i = nsurface,upp,i. |
| zs,low (upp) | Distance of centroid of compressed concrete or centroid of reinforcement at the lower (upper) surface, when z = zs,low + zs,upp |
| Remark: |
| If the directions of compressive struts at the lower and the upper surface are different, for the recalculation of forces to the centroid it is necessary to calculate virtual forces at the bottom surface in the direction of the compressive strut at the upper surface and vice versa. |
\[ \textsf{\textit{\footnotesize{Recalculated design forces}}}\]
Recalculation of shear forces to the defined direction of check
Shear forces are recalculated to the direction of the check using the formula:
\[{{v}_{d,i}}={{v}_{x}}\cdot \cos ({{\alpha }_{i}})+{{v}_{y}}\cdot \sin ({{\alpha }_{i}})\]
and the maximal shear force is:
\[{{v}_{d,max~}}=\sqrt{{{v}_{x}}^{2}+{{v}_{y}}^{2}}\]
and it acts in the direction
\[\beta ={{\tan }^{-1}}\left( \frac{{{v}_{y}}}{{{v}_{x}}} \right)\]
| Description | |
| αi | Check the angle in the ith direction |
| Remark: |
| When checking a 2D element with relatively large shear forces it is suitable to check the 2D element in the direction of maximal shear force, which means that the defined direction check corresponds to angle β |
Comparison of internal forces recalculation using various methods
Recalculation of forces acc. to EN 1992-1-1
The method described in EN 1992-1-1 is used in several programs and in practice to calculate design internal forces. EN 1992-1-1 takes into account only perpendicular reinforcement directions. Calculation of dimensioning forces with the influence of torsional moment is described in the following flowchart, where my³ mx. A similar diagram can be created for moments my < mx
| Description | |
| mxd+, mxd- | Dimensioning bending moment in the x-axis direction for design and check of reinforcement at the lower (-) or the upper (+) surface |
myd+ myd- | Dimensioning bending moment in the y-axis direction for design and check of reinforcement at the lower (-) or the upper (+) surface |
| mcd+, mcd- | Dimensioning bending moment in the compressive concrete strut at the lower (-) or the upper (+) surface, which has to be carried by concrete |
Values of recalculated dimensioning forces for the type of member = Slab, calculated using the method described in EN, are displayed in the following table:
In IDEA StatiCa RCS values of moments at the upper and lower surface are not displayed, but values of normal forces at both surfaces and values of moments recalculated to the centroid of the cross-section.
Moments at the lower and upper surfaces can be calculated using surface forces, which are displayed in the numerical output, using the formula:
\[{{m}_{surface,i,dlow\left( upp \right)}}={{n}_{surface,i,low\left( upp \right)}}\cdot z\]
Values of surface forces and recalculated moments are displayed in the following tables:
The tables show, that moments at slab surfaces calculated in IDEA Concrete and calculated according to the method described in EN, correspond only at one surface. This difference is caused by different optimization of the concrete strut. The method used in IDEA StatiCa RCS searches for the angle of the compressive strut at the minimal force in the strut. The method described in EN searches for a minimal sum of negative forces from all directions.
Comparison of internal forces calculation with programs RFEM and SCIA Engineer
To compare the results of recalculated internal forces in programs IDEA Concrete, RFEM, and SCIA Engineer (SEN) a simple model of slab of dimensions 6 m x 4 m and thickness 200 mm was prepared. The slab is supported with line support at the edges and loaded with a uniform load of 10 kN/m2.
To simplify the presentation only values of recalculated internal forces in one longitudinal section are displayed. The section distance from the slab edge is 1.5m. The internal forces calculated in the program RFEM were used as input values for IDEA Concrete.
The table shows good compliance of forces calculated in particular programs.